Lockhart Hamilton Anatomia Humana Pdfl BEST
Lockhart Hamilton Anatomia Humana Pdfl
the major splancnic nerve is placed on the mediastina on the posterior mediastine, heading for the abdomen to innerve the abdominal visceras. it is part of the simpathic nervous system and contributes to the formation of three important plexus placed in the abdominal area such as celiac plexus (grant, 1948; hamilton, 1982; orts-llorca), aortic-renal (moore), superior mesenteric (gerard, 1912; gerard, orts-llorca; moore; woodburne), celiac aortic-renal (moore) and superior mesenteric (gerard, 1912; orts-llorca; gerard, 1917; orts-llorca; latarjet, 1993; moore, 2001). through this nerve, simpathic pre-ganglions fibers from the side column of the thoracic spinal marrow head from the thorax for such plexus being importantly responsible for the innervation of great part of the thoracic and abdominal visceras such as aorta, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, suprarenal, intestine and pancreas.
the renal vein receives the tributaries from the renal, gonadal, adrenal, and suprarenal veins, the vena cava, the right iliac vein, the inferior mesenteric vein, the lumbar veins, and the posterior intercostal veins. the renal vein usually ends at the hilum of the kidney. the vein receives at its origin the venae cavae superior and inferior and the thoracic portion of the lumbar veins. the renal vein crosses anteriorly to the renal arteries and drains into the ivc through the hilum of the kidney (hollinshead, 1965; gardner et al., 1978; lockhart et al., 1965; latarjet & ruiz liard; williams et al.; spalteholz; williams et al.).
the relationship between the nerves and the great that showed up on our dissections, is given as follows. heart, aorta, esophagus, and venous plexus, pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, bursa, pleura, mediastinum, venous plexus, bursa, pericardium, and mediastinums are all related with the major splancnic nerve.
we found a wide variability on the formation of the left renal vein. some of the renal veins were reported as being direct (3 cases) or indirect (2 cases), while others were connected to the ivc (8 cases) or to the accessory hemiazygos vein (1 case). however, woodburne mentioned 13 cases that also mentioned an independent renal vein coming from the gonadal vein, considering it a tributary of the gonadal vein. one case showed a renal vein directly coming from the inferior vena cava, however, another case showed the same vein originating from the accessory left renal vein. this finding is in disagreement with woodburne, who thought that the gonadal vein was the primary branch of the left renal vein.
in the present study, the left renal vein was directly joined with the azygos vein in all cases except two. in the one case (3.33%), the joining happened at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and the other one (3.33%) with an anastomosis of the accessory hemiazygos vein and the left renal vein. in the case that involved the hemiazygos vein the joining took place at the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra. in the present study, the right renal vein was directly joined with the azygos vein in 4 cases (13.33%) and as a confluence with the hemiazygos vein in 2 cases (6.66%). in the other 4 cases (13.33%), the joining was direct with the azygos vein. as described by other authors (lockhart et al.; williams et al.; hollinshead), the right renal vein joins the azygos vein in the 8th thoracic vertebra (gray et al.; woodburne; williams et al.).
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